General Information

  • ID:  hor006375
  • Uniprot ID:  P01274
  • Protein name:  Oxyntomodulin
  • Gene name:  GCG
  • Organism:  Sus scrofa (Pig)
  • Family:  Glucagon family
  • Source:  animal
  • Expression:  Glucagon release is stimulated by hypoglycemia and inhibited by hyperglycemia, insulin, and somatostatin. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are induced in response to nutrient ingestion (By similarity). |Glucagon is secreted in the A cells of the islets of Langerhans. GLP-
  • Disease:  NA
  • Comments:  NA
  • Taxonomy:  Sus (genus), Suidae (family), Suina (suborder), Artiodactyla (order), Laurasiatheria (superorder), Boreoeutheria, Eutheria, Theria, Mammalia (class), Amniota, Tetrapoda, Dipnotetrapodomorpha, Sarcopterygii (superclass), Euteleostomi, Teleostomi, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, Craniata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum), Deuterostomia, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Metazoa (kingdom), Opisthokonta, Eukaryota (superkingdom), cellular organisms
  • GO MF:  GO:0005179 hormone activity; GO:0031769 glucagon receptor binding; GO:0042802 identical protein binding; GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity
  • GO BP:  GO:0006094 gluconeogenesis; GO:0007188 adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; GO:0007189 adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; GO:0010737 protein kinase A signaling; GO:0010800 positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylation; GO:0014823 response to activity; GO:0033138 positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation; GO:0035774 positive regulation of insulin secretion involved in cellular response to glucose stimulus; GO:0042593 glucose homeostasis; GO:0043066 negative regulation of apoptotic process; GO:0045722 positive regulation of gluconeogenesis; GO:0050796 regulation of insulin secretion; GO:0050896 response to stimulus; GO:0051571 obsolete positive regulation of histone H3-K4 methylation; GO:0070374 positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade; GO:0071377 cellular response to glucagon stimulus; GO:0090280 positive regulation of calcium ion import; GO:1900118 negative regulation of execution phase of apoptosis
  • GO CC:  GO:0005576 extracellular region; GO:0005615 extracellular space; GO:0005737 cytoplasm; GO:0005886 plasma membrane

Sequence Information

  • Sequence:  HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTKRNKNNIA
  • Length:  37
  • Propeptide:  MKTIYFVAGLFVMLVQGSWQRSLQNTEEKSRSFPAPQTDPLDDPDQMTEDKRHSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNTKRNKNNIAKRHDEFERHAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVKGRGRRDFPEEVTIVEELRRRHADGSFSDEMNTVLDNLATRDFINWLLHTKITDSL
  • Signal peptide:  MKTIYFVAGLFVMLVQGSWQ
  • Modification:  T2 Phosphoserine
  • Glycosylation:  NA
  • Mutagenesis:  NA

Activity

  • Function:  [Glucagon]: Plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.
  • Mechanism:  GLP-2 does not have cleavage on a pair of basic residues at C-terminus as in other mammals.
  • Cross BBB:  NA
  • Target:  GLP1R, GLP2R
  • Target Unid:  F1RVR1, A0A286ZPF4
  • IC50: NA
  • EC50: cAMP=1.5nM for mGCGR ( PubMed ID: 19602537 )
  • ED50: NA
  • kd: NA
  • Half life: 1.7 hours; /6120 seconds ( PubMed ID: 19602537 )

Structure

  • Disulfide bond:  NA
  • Structure ID:  AF-P01274-F1(AlphaFold_DB_ID)

  • Structure: (PDB_ID-from https://www.rcsb.org/; AlphaFold_DB_ID-from https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/; hordbxxxxxx_AF2.pdb was predicted structure by AlphaFold2; hordbxxxxxx_ESM.pdb was predicted structure by ESMFold)
    •    hor006375_AF2.pdbhor006375_ESM.pdb

Physical Information

Mass: 506417 Formula: C192H295N59O60S
Absent amino acids: CEP Common amino acids: NS
pI: 10.32 Basic residues: 7
Polar residues: 14 Hydrophobic residues: 9
Hydrophobicity: -122.16 Boman Index: -12300
Half-Life: 3.5 hour Half-Life Yeast: 10 min
Half-Life E.Coli: >10 hour Aliphatic Index 44.86
Instability Index: 7649.73 Extinction Coefficient cystines: 8480
Absorbance 280nm: 235.56

Literature

  • PubMed ID:  6894800
  • Title:  The primary structure of porcine glicentin (proglucagon).
  • PubMed ID:  7045833
  • Title:  The amino acid sequence of porcine glicentin.
  • PubMed ID:  2753890
  • Title:  Complete sequences of glucagon-like peptide-1 from human and pig small intestine.
  • PubMed ID:  3379036
  • Title:  Naturally occurring products of proglucagon 111-160 in the porcine and human small intestine.
  • PubMed ID:  3530719
  • Title:  Glucagon-like peptides GLP-1 and GLP-2, predicted products of the glucagon gene, are secreted separately from pig small intestine but not pancreas.
  • PubMed ID:  12554744
  • Title:  Glucagon-like peptides: regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
  • PubMed ID:  12626323
  • Title:  Glucagon and regulation of glucose metabolism.
  • PubMed ID:  10322410
  • Title:  Glucagon-like Peptide 2.
  • PubMed ID:  10605628
  • Title:  The glucagon-like peptides.
  • PubMed ID:  171582
  • Title:  X-ray analysis of glucagon and its relationship to receptor binding.
  • PubMed ID:  19602537
  • Title: